Jeg kan ikke få jobb i det offentlige da jeg har fritak fra vurdering i sidemål. Er det riktig at det skal være slik eller er dette snakk om diskriminering basert på funksjonsnivå? En som er lam kan få fritak fra faget kroppsøving, men om kroppsøving er en stor belastning for en autist og potensielt kan medføre at hen ikke klarer å fullføre skoleløpet kan man kun få fritak fra vurdering i faget – altså må personen ha gym uavhengig av konsekvens.
På tross av at det finnes betydelige mengder forskning som viser at mange autister sliter med å forstå og lage skjønnlitteratur er det ikke mulig å tilrettelegge slik at dette handikapet ikke får en negativ virkning på karakteren. Det er på den andre siden trolig ingen som gir en lam og stum person dårligere karakterer i norsk og andre muntlige fag da hen ikke klarer å være aktivt deltagende i timene. Døve blir ikke straffet for ikke å høre hva læreren sier, men en autist som sliter med å høre hva som blir sagt når det er bakgrunnsstøy kan forvente å gå glipp av flere beskjeder hver dag.
Det er heller ikke normalt å straffe blinde for ikke å kunne lese kroppsspråk og mimikk, men for oss autister er det en sjelden opplevelse at folk tar hensyn til vår blindhet for kroppsspråk.
Hvorfor kan vi tilrettelegge for noen, men ikke for alle?
Det er for meg underlig at det for noen grupper er påkrevd å tilrettelegge, mens det for andre ikke er lov, mulighet eller ønske om å tilrettelegge for de handikapa man har…
Hvorfor er det slik at det vi autister virkelig sliter med ikke er like viktig som ved blindhet, døvhet og/ eller om personen benytter rullestol? Er det fordi dere ikke klarer å se våre handikap? De er tross alt ikke synlig på samme måte som en hvit stokk eller rullestol!
Er det greit at om lag 50.000 nordmenn blir systematisk diskriminert bare fordi vi har autisme? Det er som sakt betydelige mengder forskning som viser at vi faktisk har en annerledes hjerne en nevrotypikere. Vår hjerne fungerer på en annen måte en normalt. Et veldig godt eksempel på det er Temple Grandin p.hd. som på tross av å ha doktorgrad i husdyrfag og publisert over 60 vitenskapelige artikler om dyreatferd samt flere bøker om autisme fremdeles sliter betraktelig med algebra. Hvorfor sliter hun med algebra? I følge henne er det fordi hjernen hennes fungerer i bilder og at algebra ikke lar seg løse billedlig:
When Mr. Carlock saw that I couldn’t do algebra—just could not do it—he redoubled his efforts to make me learn it. He didn’t understand that my brain doesn’t work in the abstract, symbolic way that solving for x requires. Mr. Carlock wasn’t someone who liked to give up on a student, and I’m sure he thought that by pushing me hard on algebra, he was helping me. But what he could have done instead is recognize my limitation in that area and play to my strength in another area.
My engineering talent should have been a clue. Engineering isn’t abstract; it’s concrete. It’s about shapes. It’s about angles. It’s about geometry.
But no. The standard high-school curriculum says algebra comes before geometry, and geometry comes before trigonometry, and trigonometry comes before calculus, and that’s that. Never mind that you don’t need to know how to do algebra in order to study geometry. Mr. Carlock, like a lot of educators, was stuck in a curriculum rut and didn’t even realize it.
Det er uten tvil flere bakenforliggende årsaker til at autister ikke får den tilretteleggingen man trenger eller at det kreves at vi skal testes med karakter også på de områdene vi er spesielt svake.
For det første er autisme en usynlig tilstand, noe som gjør at folk, spesielt ovenfor Aspergere (høytfungerende autister), ikke klarer å forstå at vi kan ha en svært ujevn evneprofil. Eller sakt på en annen måte; vi kan ha et flytende, avansert språk, men samtidig ikke klare å lese «mellom linjene».
For det andre blir ikke autisme tatt like alvorlig som andre tilstander selv om vi har betydelige mengder forskning som viser at autisme som gruppe er den enkeltdiagnosen som har den høyeste forekomsten av selvmordsforsøk og selvmord. Det er om lag 36% av autister som forsøker eller begår selvmord, noe som er betraktelig høyere en hos bipolare i depressiv fase (25%) og i den generelle befolkningen (12%) .
Videre er det flere undersøkelser som viser at autiser har en høyere dødelighet en personer i den generelle befolkningen. I en dansk studie av dødelighet fant man at dødsrisikoen ved ASD er om lag dobbelt så stor som i den generelle befolkingen , noe som stemmer overens med nyere studier .
Den økte dødsrisikoen ved ASD skyldes delvis komorbide somatiske og psykiatriske lidelser og delvis selvmord. Selvmord er vanligere på den høytfungerende enden av spekteret. Men hvorfor er det en høyere forekomst av selvmord blant autister en noen annen gruppe i samfunnet? Det er flere momenter her, men en av de største er trolig utstøtningen fra samfunnet mange autister opplever. Det kan være seg å ikke få jobb, ikke klare skole, bli mobbet osv.
Jeg tror at om autister blir inkludert i samfunnet på en måte som tar hensyn til deres vansker vil mye være gjort, men dessverre er det ikke noe større ønske om dette, i alle fall ikke et reelt ønske.
For det er ikke inkludering å nekte tilrettelegging, men ekskludering. Å nekte en som ikke klarer sidemål å få jobb i det offentlige er diskriminerende, men i Norge er det viktigere å inkludere en forholdsvis liten gruppe som bruker nynorsk en funksjonshemmede. Her kunne en enkel løsning vært å tillate alle å bruke sin målform i skriftlig og muntlig kommunikasjon. En annen løsning er å ikke kreve at alle må kunne svare på begge målformer ved å tilrettelegge for at den som bare kan bokmål behandler saker fra bokmålsbrukere og de som kan nynorsk behandler saker fra de som bruker nynorsk. Hvorfor er ikke det mulig?
For autisme er ikke et valg, vi velger ikke å være autistiske, det er noe vi er født som. For autisme er sterkt genetisk betinget. Dette ser vi blant annet i studier der foreldre til barn med autisme rapporterer over to ganger oftere at besteforeldre eller foreldre jobber som ingeniører . Videre er det anekdotiske bevis for at forekomsten av autisme hos barna til USAs 330 rikeste er på 8% noe som er betraktelig høyere en i den generelle befolkningen hvor forekomsten er 1-2% .
Den autistiske hjernen fungerer uten tvil på en annen måte en den nevrotypiske, den kjører bare et annet operativsystem og som i dataverdenen behøver ikke et operativsystem være bedre eller dårligere en et annet. For ulike operativsystem fyller ulike behov. Bare tenk på iPad OS vs. Mac OS eller Mac vs. Windows. De fyller ulike behov. På samme måte fyller ulike hjerner ulike behov. Vi trenger folk som er kunstneriske, matematiske, språklige osv. Vi trenger folk som har god empati og andre som er gode på systematisering.
La meg avslutningsvis sitere noe Albert Einstein visstnok skal ha sakt :
Everyone is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.
Referanser
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Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder. (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer, 2017). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1.
1.
Den atferdsanalytiske forskningstradisjonen kan karakteriseres som ”bottom up” og skiller seg fra forskning innen øvrig psykologi som er 3.
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NAOB. reduksjonisme. NAOB.
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Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet, Institutt for biovitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo. Reduksjonisme. Botanisk - og plantefysiologisk leksikon (2019).
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Holisme. Wikipedia (2022).
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Reduksjonisme. Wikipedia (2020).
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reduksjonisme. Store norske leksikon (2022).
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Sletnes, K. B. positivisme. Store norske leksikon (2021).
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”Atferden er villende, menende, synsende, oppfattende, erfarende, tenkende, intelligent og så videre. Og det ser jeg med en gang, for vi lever sammen i et liv hvor vi ikke kontrollerer hverandre, men det er slik vi lever sammen. Her er ingen lovmessigheter å oppdage.”.
1.
”De gjør på en måte vold på virkeligheten, begrenser kompleksitet (...). Verden er usystematiserbar, ukategoriserbar. Det som skjer i verden, lar seg ikke innordne i noen ferdige kategorier. Det er for komplekst. Det er bare altfor komplekst.”.
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Skinner, B. F. SCIENCE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR. (The B. F. Skinner Foundation, 2014).
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Sparby, L. E. Kritikken av behaviorismen : en atferdsanalytiker og en kritiker sine oppfatninger om atferdsanalysens tilnærming til vitenskap. (Universitetet i Tromsø, 2008).
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McGill, O. & Robinson, A. “Recalling hidden harms”: autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (
ABA).
Advances in Autism 7, 269–282 (2020).
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Veslemøy Krey Stubberud. Kunsten å kaste stein i glasshus : Det vil kunne tjene Svein Eikeseth som atferdsanalytiker å lytte til kritikken mot konverteringsterapi. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening 59, 673–675.
1.
Disse metodikkene blir kalt «konverteringsterapi» av autister og motstandere over hele verden.
1.
Halvorsen, P. Vil ha tvangspraksis for retten : De hevder at behandlingen de fikk i psykisk helsevern brøt med menneskerettighetene, og krever erstatning. På sikt vil de ha forbud mot tvangsmedisinering. Psykologi 59, 608–611 (2022).
1.
Målet med atferdsanalytisk forskning er å finne mest mulig effektive prinsipper for atferd.
1.
Meningsfulle handlinger, følelser, tanker m.m. hos mennesker som er til stede i verden som personer, studeres ikke i atferdsanalyse.
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Ved at atferdsanalysen har begynt med å studere enkle fenomener, misforståes dette til at atferdsanalysen overser kompleksiteten i menneskers handlinger.
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Behaviorismen gjør vold på virkeligheten ved å anvende naturvitenskapelige metoder for å forklare menneskelige handlinger. Det er ingen lovmessigheter her. Virkeligheten er altfor kompleks til å la seg måle og innordne i kategorier.
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”På filosofisk nivå henger kritikken igjen i gammeldags behaviorisme, altså metodologisk, positivistisk behaviorisme.”.
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Skinner tok avstand fra dette kriteriet. Han innførte begrepet radikal behaviorisme for å inkludere fenomener som bare ett menneske hadde tilgang til i studiet av atferd.
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2. EØS avtalen sikrer norske interesser tilgang til EUs indre marked, men den har også ført til adopsjon av mange ordninger den norske befolkning ikke er tjent med. EØS-avtalen må derfor gjennomgås grundig og revideres i forhold til nasjonale krav og behov.
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5. Krav til offentlig finansiert forskning publiseres i åpent format, skal være fritt tilgjengelig for alle, og kunne brukes fritt med henvisning til publikasjon.
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1. Det skal opprettes eget dyrepoliti og en egen instans med inngående kompetanse om veterinærfag, etikk, juss og helse.
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9. Begrense perioden i sentrale folkevalgte lederverv til to perioder, maks 8 år.
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7. Avskaffe sperregrensen.
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6. Mulighet for enkeltkandidater uten partitilhørighet å stille til valg.
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Norges klimapolitikk dreier seg i all hovedsak om å forhindre oppvarming av kloden, men det er ikke norske utslipp som vil avgjøre klodens oppvarming. Derimot kan norske politikere gjøre tiltak for å forhindre at klimaendringene får for store konsekvenser for den norske befolkningen gjennom å utvikle god beredskap.
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Helsepartiet. Prinsipprogram i et nytt parti.
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Haug, L., Askvik, L., Hexeberg, E. & Yap, S. E. Helsepartiets Stortingsprogram for 2021-2025.
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The Aspen Institute. Empathy, Is It All It’s Cracked Up to Be? (2015).
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Singer, T. & Klimecki, O. M. Empathy and compassion. Current Biology 24, R875–R878 (2014).
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Big Think. Why Empathy Is Not the Best Way to Care | Paul Bloom | Big Think. (2017).
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BBC Reel. The surprising dark side of empathy - BBC REEL. (2022).
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Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Paul Bloom: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. (2016).
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Big Think. Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom. (2022).
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TEDx Talks. The erosion of empathy | Simon Baron Cohen | TEDxHousesofParliament. (2012).
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The Atlantic. Against Empathy. (2018).
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The Agenda with Steve Paikin. Paul Bloom: Against Empathy. (2017).
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Eisenberg, N. & Miller, P. A. The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin 101, 91–119 (1987).
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